REPORT ON HINDUSTAN ZINC LIMITED

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THE COMPANY PROFILE Hindustan Zinc Limited was incorporated from the erstwhile Metal Corporation of India on 10 January 1966 as a Public Sector Undertaking. In April 2002, Sterlite Opportunities and Ventures Limited (SOVL) made an open offer for acquisition of shares of the company; consequent to the disinvestment of Government of India's (GOI) stake of 26% including management control to SOVL and acquired additional 20% of shares from public, pursuant to the SEBI Regulations 1997. In August 2003, SOVL acquired additional shares to the extent of 18.92% of the paid up capital from GOI in exercise of "call option" clause in the share holder's agreement between GOI and SOVL. With the above additional acquisition, SOVL's stake in the company has gone up to 64.92%. Thus GOI's stake in the company now stands at 29.54%. The Group's principal activities are mining and smelting of zinc and lead operations. It's products include zinc ingots, lead ingots,

silver, sulphuric acid, cadmium ingots, copper cathode and others. The Group operates with two segments namely Zinc and Other. It operates through three mining and three smelter Complexes. Mining complexes are located in Rampura Agucha, Rajpura Dariba and Zawar - all in Rajasthan. Smelter complexes are located at Chanderiya and Debari in Rajasthan and Vizag in Andhra Pradesh. Hindustan Zinc Limited Key Data: Ticker: 500188 Country: INDIA Exchanges: OTH BOM Major Industry: Metal Producers & Products Manufacturers Sub Industry: Miscellaneous Metal Producers 2010 Sales 80,169,700,000 (Year Ending Jan 2011). Employees: 6,661 Currency: Indian Rupees Market Cap: 408,017,929,235 Fiscal Yr Ends: March Shares Outstanding: 422,531,900 Share Type: Ordinary Closely Held Shares: 274,315,431 SECTION A OVERVIEW OF ZINC SMELTING & ALLIED SUBJECTS OF THE INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION Zinc and zinc-containing products contribute around US$ 40 billion to the global economy each year. US$ 18.5 billion is related to mining, smelting, and refining of zinc. The rest is related to its many applications. Galvanizing, the protection of steel against corrosion by metallurgical bonding of zinc to steel, is the most important application of zinc.

Other applications include die casting of precision components, alloys such as brass, as a component in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, in batteries and as a micronutrient for humans, animals, and plants. Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc concentrates (ores that contain zinc) into pure zinc. The most common zinc concentrate processed is zinc sulfide, which is obtained by concentrating Sphalerite using the froth flotation method. Secondary (recycled) zinc material, such as zinc oxide, is also processed with the zinc sulfide. Approximately 30% of all zinc produced is from recycled sources. The principal processes by which zinc is extracted from its ores can be categorized under pyro-metallurgical processes and hydro-metallurgical processes. A. Pyrometallurgical Processes: • Horizontal Retort Process • Vertical Retort Process • Electro Thermal Process • Imperial Smelting Process B. Hydrometallurgical Processes: • Roast Leach Electrowin Process • Pressure Leaching Process About 80% of world’s total zinc output is produced through conventional hydrometallurgical route i.e. Roast-leach-electrowin (RLE) route. The pre-requisite condition for zinc metal extraction from sulphide concentrate through a hydro-metallurgical route is the elimination of its sulphur content in order to make it amenable to further treatment by leaching, i.e., the zinc mineral into dissolved state in solution. Since zinc sulphide mineral is not easily leached, it is first converted into zinc oxide, which is easily leached. This is predominantly accomplished by roasting of zinc concentrate in fluid bed roasters and fixation of SO2 bearing off gases thus generated as sulphuric acid by contact process. In the recent past, an alternative technology to conventional roasting followed by leaching, has been developed by Sherritt-Gordon of Canada, commonly known as “Pressure Leach Process” which eliminates the need of roasting step prior to leaching. The process fixes the sulphide content of concentrate as elemental sulphur, thus eliminates the need for a separate sulphuric acid production facility, whereas the zinc metal content of the concentrate is converted into a zinc sulphate solution, thus combining both roast-

leach steps of conventional process into a single unit operation. Thus there are two-process route for extraction of zinc hydrometallurgically. ROAST LEACH ELECTROWIN (RLE) PROCESS: The main purpose of roasting of zinc sulphide concentrate is to convert it into a product, which is amenable to further treatment through hydrometallurgical process for extraction of zinc. Secondly, to fix the sulphide contents into sulphur dioxide gases for subsequent economical recovery as sulphuric acid.The principal reaction during fluid bed roasting is: 2 ZnS + 3O2 = 2ZnO + 2SO2 These rich gases are cleaned and cooled to recover dust content as zinc calcine and to remove the various harmful impurities such as Hg, Se, F, Cl, As, etc., before being led to double contact and double conversion process (DCDA) plant for manufacture of sulphuric acid.

The dead roasted product, zinc calcine, is subjected to leaching with recycled electrolyte to extract zinc content. The enriched zinc sulphate solution is further subjected to purification with zinc dust to eliminate impurities like copper, cadmium, cobalt, nickel etc. before being subjected to electrolysis. The zinc sulphate solution is fortified with return electrolyte solution, undergoes electrolysis in lined concrete cells for deposition of zinc on aluminium cathodes. The lead- silver plates are used as anodes. The deposited zinc on the cathodes are periodically stripped by automatic stripping machines, melted in induction furnace and cast into saleable zinc ingots man automatic casting and stacking machine. In order to maximise zinc extractions the leach residues mainly zinc- ferrites, a bye product of leaching process, are subjected to treatment to hydrolyse its iron content into disposable Jarosite / goethite / hematite. The zinc plants are also integrated with bye-product cadmium recovery unit in order to maximise sales realization. The standard zinc product is Special High Grade zinc (normally obtained from RLE process route), with an assay of 99.995% zinc, i.e. it can contain a maximum of 50 parts per million of impurities. There is also a grade of 98.5% zinc, the main impurity being lead, and this used to be the standard grade, called GOB (Good Ordinary Brand) or PW (Prime Western), normally a product from the Imperial smelting process (ISP). A SHG product from the ISP can also be produced by distillation process of refining. PRESSURE LEACH PROCESS: The pressure leach technique was first successfully commercially applied for zinc extraction with the commissioning of first plant in 1981 at Cominco,

Trail, Canada. In this process zinc sulphide or bulk zinc concentrates are oxidized under oxygen overpressures of 1200 kpa abs. at a temperature of 1500C in sulphuric acid medium to produce zinc sulphate solution directly and the sulphide content is precipitated as elemental sulphur according to the following overall reaction: ZnS + H2S04 + 0.5 02 = ZnSO4 + H20 + Sº The various factors influencing the kinetics of above reaction are the particle size, mineralogy, surface active additives, acidities, reaction time, temperature and oxygen over-pressures where by maximising metal extraction and fixation of lead and iron constituents into disposable Jarosite and other types of residues. The zinc sulphate solution thus produced is amenable to further processing for final zinc extraction through conventional leach-electrowin units. Fig: General flow diagram of the zinc smelting process ROASTING Roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas-solids reactions at elevated temperatures.

A common example is the process in which sulfide ores are converted to oxides, prior to smelting. Roasting differs from calcination, which merely involves decomposition at elevated temperatures. A typical sulfide roasting chemical reaction takes the following form: MSn + 1.5nO2 ? MOn + nSO2. For example: CuS + 1.5O2 ? CuO + SO2 and 2ZnS + 3O2 ? 2ZnO + 2SO2 Roasting is a process of oxidizing zinc sulfide concentrates at high temperatures into an impure zinc oxide, called "Zinc Calcine". The chemical reactions taking place during the process are: Approximately 90% of zinc in concentrates are oxidized to zinc oxide, but at the roasting temperatures around 10% of the zinc reacts with the iron impurities of the zinc sulfide concentrates to form zinc ferrite. A byproduct of roasting is sulfur dioxide, which is further processed into sulfuric acid,

a commodity. The linked refinery flow sheet shows a schematic of Noranda's eastern Canadian zinc roasting operation. The process of roasting varies based on the type of roaster used. There are three types of roasters: multiple-hearth, suspension, and fluidized-bed. Multiple-hearth roaster In a multiple-hearth roaster, the concentrate drops through a series of 9 or more hearths stacked inside a brick-lined cylindrical column. As the feed concentrate drops through the furnace, it is first dried by the hot gases passing through the hearths and then oxidized to produce calcine. The reactions are slow and can be sustained only by the addition of fuel. Multiple hearth roasters are unpressurized and operate at about 690 °C (1,270 °F). Operating time depends upon the composition of concentrate and the amount of the sulfur removal required. Multiple hearth roasters have the capability of producing a high-purity calcine. Suspension roaster In a suspension roaster, the concentrates are blown into a combustion chamber very similar to that of a pulverized coal furnace. The roaster consists of a refractory-lined cylindrical steel shell, with a large combustion space at the top and 2 to 4 hearths in the lower portion, similar to those of a multiple hearth furnace. Additional grinding, beyond that required for a multiple hearth furnace, is normally required to ensure that heat transfer to the material is sufficiently rapid for the desulfurization and oxidation reactions to occur in the furnace chamber. Suspension roasters are unpressurized and operate at about 980 °C (1,800 °F). Fluidized-bed roaster In a fluidized-bed roaster,

finely ground sulfide concentrates are suspended and oxidized in a feedstock bed supported on an air column. As in the suspension roaster, the reaction rates for desulfurization are more rapid than in the older multiple-hearth processes. Fluidized-bed roasters operate under a pressure slightly lower than atmospheric and at temperatures averaging 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). In the fluidized-bed process, no additional fuel is required after ignition has been achieved. The major advantages of this roaster are greater throughput capacities, greater sulfur removal capabilities, and lower maintenance. LEACHING Leaching is a widely used extractive metallurgy technique which converts metals into soluble salts in aqueous media. Compared to pyrometallurgical operations, leaching is easier to perform and much less harmful, because no gaseous pollution occurs.

The only drawback of leaching is its lower efficiency caused by the low temperatures of the operation, which dramatically affect chemical reaction rates. There are a variety of leaching processes, usually classified by the types of reagents used in the operation. The reagents required depend on the ores or pretreated material to be processed. A typical feed for leaching is either oxide or sulfide. For material in oxide form, a simple acid leaching reaction can be illustrated by the zinc oxide leaching reaction: ZnO + H2SO4 ? ZnSO4 + H2O In this reaction solid ZnO dissolves, forming soluble zinc sulfate. In many cases other reagents are used to leach oxides. For example, in the metallurgy of aluminium, aluminium oxide is subject to leaching by alkali solutions: Al2O3 + 3H2O + 2NaOH ? 2NaAl(OH)4 Leaching of sulfides is a more complex process due to the refractory nature of sulfide ores. It often involves the use of pressurized vessels, called autoclaves. A good example of the autoclave leach process can be found in the metallurgy of zinc. It is best described by the following chemical reaction: 2ZnS + O2 + 2H2SO4 ? 2ZnSO4 + 2H2O + 2S This reaction proceeds at temperatures above the boiling point of water, thus creating a vapor pressure inside the vessel. Oxygen is injected under pressure, making the total pressure in the autoclave more than 0.6 MPa. Fig: Flow-diagram of the first stage leach process Fig: Flow-diagram of the second, third and fourth stage leach process ELECTROLYSIS Zinc is extracted from the purified zinc sulfate solution by electrowinning, which is a specialized form of electrolysis. The process works by passing an electric current through the solution in a series of cells. This causes the zinc to deposits on the cathodes (aluminum sheets) and oxygen to form at the anodes. Sulfuric acid is also formed in the process and reused in the leaching process. Every 24 to 48 hours, each cell is shut down, the zinc-coated cathodes are removed and rinsed, and the zinc is mechanically stripped from the aluminum plates. Electrolytic zinc smelters contain as many as several hundred cells. A portion of the electrical energy is converted into heat, which increases the temperature of the electrolyte.

Electrolytic cells operate at temperature ranges from 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) and at atmospheric pressure. A portion of the electrolyte is continuously circulated through the cooling towers both to cool and concentrate the electrolyte through evaporation of water. The cooled and concentrated electrolyte is then recycled to the cells. This process accounts for approximately one-third of all the energy usage when smelting zinc. There are two common processes for electrowinning the metal: the low current density process, and the Tainton high current density process. The former uses a 10% sulfuric acid solution as the electolyte, with current density of 270–325 amperes per square meter. The latter uses 22–28% sulfuric acid solution as the electrolyte with a current density of about 1,000 amperes per square meter. The latter gives better purity and has higher production capacity per volume of electrolyte, but has the disadvantage of running hotter and being more corrosive to the vessel in which it is done. In either of the electrolytic processes, each metric ton of zinc production expends about 3,900 kW•h (14 GJ) of electric power. SAFETY ENGINEERING Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed even when pieces fail. Ideally, safety-engineers take an early design of a system, analyze it to find what faults can occur, and then propose safety requirements in design specifications up front and changes to existing systems to make the system safer. In an early design stage, often a fail-safe system can be made acceptably safe with a few sensors and some software to read them.

Probabilistic fault-tolerant systems can often be made by using more, but smaller and less-expensive pieces of equipment. Far too often, rather than actually influencing the design, safety engineers are assigned to prove that an existing, completed design is safe. If a safety engineer then discovers significant safety problems late in the design process, correcting them can be very expensive. This type of error has the potential to waste large sums of money. The exception to this conventional approach is the way some large government agencies approach safety engineering from a more proactive and proven process perspective, known as "system safety".

The system safety philosophy is to be applied to complex and critical systems, such as commercial airliners, complex weapon systems, spacecraft, rail and transportation systems, air traffic control system and other complex and safety-critical industrial systems. The proven system safety methods and techniques are to prevent, eliminate and control hazards and risks through designed influences by a collaboration of key engineering disciplines and product teams. Software safety is a fast growing field since functionality of modern systems is increasingly being put under control of software. The whole concept of system safety and software safety, as a subset of systems engineering, is to influence safety-critical systems designs by conducting several types of hazard analyses to identify risks and to specify design safety features and procedures to strategically mitigate risk to acceptable levels before the system is certified. Additionally, failure mitigation can go beyond design recommendations, particularly in the area of maintenance.

There is an entire realm of safety and reliability engineering known asReliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), which is a discipline that is a direct result of analyzing potential failures within a system and determining maintenance actions that can mitigate the risk of failure. This methodology is used extensively on aircraft and involves understanding the failure modes of the serviceable replaceable assemblies in addition to the means to detect or predict an impending failure. Every automobile owner is familiar with this concept when they take in their car to have the oil changed or brakes checked. Even filling up one's car with fuel is a simple example of a failure mode (failure due to fuel exhaustion),

a means of detection (fuel gauge), and a maintenance action (filling the car's fuel tank). For large scale complex systems, hundreds if not thousands of maintenance actions can result from the failure analysis. These maintenance actions are based on conditions (e.g., gauge reading or leaky valve), hard conditions (e.g., a component is known to fail after 100 hrs of operation with 95% certainty), or require inspection to determine the maintenance action (e.g., metal fatigue). The RCM concept then analyzes each individual maintenance item for its risk contribution to safety, mission, operational readiness, or cost to repair if a failure does occur. Then the sum total of all the maintenance actions are bundled into maintenance intervals so that maintenance is not occurring around the clock, but rather, at regular intervals.

This bundling process introduces further complexity, as it might stretch some maintenance cycles, thereby increasing risk, but reduce others, thereby potentially reducing risk, with the end result being a comprehensive maintenance schedule, purpose built to reduce operational risk and ensure acceptable levels of operational readiness and availability. HUMAN RESOURCE Human resource management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.

In simple words, HRM means employing people, developing their capacities, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with the job and organizational requirement. Its features include: ? Organizational management ? Personnel administration ? Manpower management ? Industrial management But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even employee and industrial relations are confusingly listed as synonyms, although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in companies. The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individuals with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets.

The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process. Human Resource Management (HRM) is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organizations.

Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. FINANCE Finance is the science of funds management. The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The field of finance deals with the concepts of time, money, and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is spent and budgeted. Managerial or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for a corporation's activities. For small business, this is referred to as SME finance (Small and Medium Enterprises). It generally involves balancing risk and profitability,

while attempting to maximize an entity's wealth and the value of its stock. Long term funds are provided by ownership equity and long-term credit, often in the form of bonds. The balance between these elements forms the company's capital structure. Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit. Another business decision concerning finance is investment, or fund management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value. In investment – in choosing a portfolio – one has to decide what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must: ? Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations; ? Identify the appropriate strategy: active v. passive – hedging strategy ?

Measure the portfolio performance Financial management is duplicate with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is more concerned with the reporting of historical financial information, while the financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm. LOGISTICS Logistics is the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the requirements of consumers. Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material-handling, and packaging, and occasionally security. Logistics is a channel of the chain which adds the value of time and place utility. Today the complexity of production logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized and optimized by plant simulation software. Logistics as a business concept evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians.

This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer and is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies. In business, logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management). The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing, transportation,

warehousing, consultation and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Industrial Engineering (often now supplemented as "Industrial & Systems Engineering" or "Industrial & Operations Engineering") is a branch of engineering dealing with optimizing complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials and/or processes. It also deals with designing new product prototypes more efficiently and more effectively. Industrial engineering draws upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. Its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines such as Operations Management, but the engineering side tends to greater emphasize extensive mathematical proficiency and utilization of quantitative methods. While the term originally applied to manufacturing,

nowadays the term "industrial" in industrial engineering can be somewhat misleading (leading to the typical extensions noted above). It has grown to encompass any methodical or quantitative approach to optimizing how a process, system, or organization operates. In fact, the primary U.S. professional organization for Industrial Engineers, the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) has been considering changing its name to something broader (such as the Institute of Industrial & Systems Engineers), although the latest vote among membership deemed this unnecessary for the time being. The various topics of concern to industrial engineers include management science, financial engineering, engineering management, supply chain management, process engineering, operations research, systems engineering, ergonomics, cost and value engineering, quality engineering, facilities planning, and the engineering design process. Traditionally, a major aspect of industrial engineering was planning the layouts of factories and designing assembly lines and other manufacturing paradigms. And now, in so-called lean manufacturing systems, industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials, energy, and other resources. SECTION B APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE IN THE INDUSTRY SAP SAP the company was founded in Germany in 1972 by five ex-IBM engineers. In case you’re ever asked, SAP stands for Systeme, Andwendungen, Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung which - translated to English - means Systems, Applications,

Products in Data Processing. So now you know! Being incorporated in Germany, the full name of the parent company is SAP AG. It is located in Walldorf, Germany which is close to the beautiful town of Heidelberg. SAP has subsidiaries in over 50 countries around the world from Argentina to Venezuela (and pretty much everything in between). SAP America (with responsibility for North America, South America and Australia - go figure!) is located just outside Philadelphia, PA. The original five founders have been so successful that they have multiplied many times over such that SAP AG is now the third largest independent software maker in the world,

with over 80,000 customers (including way more than half of the world's 500 top companies). SAP employs over 50,000 people worldwide today, and had revenues of $16.9 billion and Net Income of $2.7 billion in FY08. SAP is listed in Germany (where it is one of the 30 stocks which make up the DAX) and on the NYSE (ticker:SAP). There are now more than 121,000 installations of SAP, in 120 countries, with more than 12 million users! So now, what is SAP? It is a company, but it is also a product. So and what made this company so successful? Back in 1979 SAP released SAP R/2 (which runs on mainframes) into the German market. SAP R/2 was the first integrated, enterprise wide package and was an immediate success. For years SAP stayed within the German borders until it had penetrated practically every large German company. Looking for more growth, SAP expanded into the remainder of Europe during the 80's.

Towards the end of the 80's, client-server architecture became popular and SAP responded with the release of SAP R/3 (in 1992). This turned out to be a killer app for SAP, especially in the North American region into which SAP expanded in 1988. The success of SAP R/3 in North America has been nothing short of stunning. Within a 5 year period, the North American market went from virtually zero to 44% of total SAP worldwide sales. SAP America alone employs more than 5,000 people and has added the names of many of the Fortune 500 to its customer list (8 of the top 10 semiconductor companies, 7 of the top 10 pharmaceutical companies etc).

SAP today is available in 46 country-specific versions, incorporating 28 languages including Kanji and other double-byte character languages. SAP also comes in 21 industry-specific versions. SAP R/3 is delivered to a customer with selected standard process turned on, and many many other optional processes and features turned off. At the heart of SAP R/3 are about 10,000 tables which control the way the processes are executed. Configuration is the process of adjusting the settings of these tables to get SAP to run the way you want it to. Think of a radio with 10,000 dials to tune and you’ll get the picture. SAP functionality included is truly enterprise wide including:

Financial Accounting (e.g. general ledger, accounts receivable etc), Management Accounting (e.g. cost centers, profitability analysis etc), Sales, Distribution, Manufacturing, Production Planning, Purchasing, Human Resources, Payroll etc. All of these modules are tightly integrated which – as you will find out – is a huge blessing ... but brings with it special challenges. VSAT A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 Kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s.

VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh configurations) or master earth station "hubs" (in star configurations). VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, polling or RFID data; or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of Satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move (utilizing phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications. Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these topologies: ? A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite, ? A mesh topology, where each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site, ? A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star) connected to each other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star topology sometimes will have each terminal connected to each other as well, resulting in each terminal acting as a central hub.

These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multi-star network. Constituent Components of a VSAT ? Antenna ? Block upconverter (BUC) ? Low-noise block converter (LNB) ? Orthomode transducer (OMT) ? Interfacility Link Cable (IFL) ? Indoor unit (IDU) All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e. OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a Modem, usually with Ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC (Transmit) and from LNB (Receive).

The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a QUAD LNB in shape and size which mounts on a regular TV sat mount. As a consequence it is only 500 mW compared with the normal 2W, thus is poorer in rain. SIMULATION & CONTROL Honeywell’s Advanced Control & Optimization Improve profitability by increasing production and decreasing costs with Honeywell’s modeling and multivariable advanced control and optimization products. Ongoing advanced control and optimization of plant operations ensures responsiveness to inevitable changes in business demands through close linkages with planning, scheduling,

and management functions. Delivered through the unified Experion™ Process Knowledge System (PKS) architecture, Honeywell solutions improve profitability by increasing throughput, reducing costs, increasing yields, and improving product quality. Advanced Control and Optimization products address all aspects of advanced process control and optimization—from improving regulatory loop control—to globally optimizing the entire process based on a unique layered approach. This model allows new technologies to be easily added at any time to a common platform that meets optimization objectives without compromising future opportunities to improve business performance. Honeywell’s Simulation Solution UniSim® software and services improve plant performance and overall business results for the process industry through: • Better plant design • Better plant operations • Better plant optimization. UniSim solution software is built from the best simulation technologies available. UniSim offers a series of unified simulation solutions to support improved performance throughout the lifecycle of a plant—from off-line use in steady-state design simulation, control check-out, and operator training, to online use in control and optimization, performance monitoring, and business planning. With the launch of UniSim, Honeywell’s vision of providing best-in-class simulation solutions is realized, generating benefits across the lifecycle of a plant. UniSim substantially improves capabilities for simulation of on-line and off-line process unit design and optimization applications. Customers can more easily capture and share process knowledge, improve plant profitability, and maximize the return on their simulation investments.

The UniSim family of software and services includes: • The UniSim Design suite—offers a powerful steady-state tool that helps engineers create optimal process designs based on critical business objectives. A dynamic simulation option is also available to gain valuable insights into process behavior at every phase of a plant's lifecycle. • The UniSim Operations suite—provides an advanced operator training solution plus capabilities for control system checkout. Well-trained personnel react more quickly and diffuse process situations before incidents occur. This is also a tool for learning a new system before commissioning, or for quickly training new hires. • The UniSim Optimization suite—offers optimization of plant operations to ensure responsiveness to changes in business demands through close linkages with planning, scheduling, and management functions. • Dynamic Engineering Studies services—evaluate the impact of future process design changes prior to plant modifications. Honeywell experts help customers evaluate the impact of future process design changes before committing time and money to intensive plant modifications.

Honeywell’s Terminal Automation Products 1. Tank Gauging Tank gauging is essential for the assessment of tank contents, tank inventory control and tank farm management. In addition to accurate measurement, reliability to prevent product loss, performance to optimize product movement and safety to protect the environment and personnel are critical to successful inventory management. Honeywell Enraf provides a comprehensive range of products and systems for accurate tank gauging, inventory management and tank terminal operations. For optimal benefit Engauge is a service tool that provides the required functionality for site device management, gauge configuration and analyses. Open connectivity, modular design and solid migration paths maximize the use of tank storage capacity to optimize operations and increase revenues. 2. Temperature Measurement Systems Honeywell Enraf offers a comprehensive line of products for accurate temperature measurement, ranging from single spot temperature probes to the advanced VITO multiple thermosensor thermometers (MTT) for temperature and volume measurement. Honeywell Enraf’s VITO interface guarantees faultless communication with level gauging systems based on radar or servo technology. The gauging systems can easily be provided with additional functionality for water bottom measurement, keeping the number of instruments and components in and on the tank to a minimum. Honeywell Enraf’s temperature gauging systems offer reliability, high measurement accuracy, minimal maintenance cost and easy installation.

Honeywell Enraf offers several types of temperature measurement instruments: A. Spot Temperature Measurement- Honeywell Enraf supports and supplies spot temperature probes of third-party origin for direct connection to a level gauge. The probes can be attached at any desired location in the tank. Communication with servo or radar measurement systems can take place either directly or via the VITO interface. B. Average Temperature Measurement- For average temperature measurement Honeywell Enraf offers the VITO MRT which consists of multiple resistor elements each with a different length. Depending on the liquid level measured by the level gauge,

the longest element which is completely submerged is selected to represent the average temperature of the stored product. C. Multiple Temperature Measurement- The VITO LT measures average product temperature and average gas temperature with a nine-element probe. The VITO LT exceeds the requirements of all standards for in-tank measurements. It can be used with products stored at between -55 degrees Celsius and +135 degrees Celsius in tanks up to 20 meters high.

The temperature gauging system is suitable for customs transfer purposes in conformity with weights and measures regulations. Honeywell Enraf’s top model is the VITO MTT for various temperature ranges for diverse applications and is available in any desired length. The temperature measurement is performed by a 16-element probe. The VITO MTT is able not only to measure average product and gas temperature but also to determine temperature profiles. The VITO MTT fully complies with all major standards for tank applications and is suitable for customs transfer purposes in conformity with weights and measures regulations. In addition, the VITO MTT is fit for LNG storage.